The Social Reality of Race
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Is race a social construct? An American living in the Netherlands is faced with this question when she encounters the Dutch's definition of who is "black."
![Artist Glenn Ligon created Untitled: Four Etchings [B] using a quotation from writer Zora Neale Hurston’s essay, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me.”](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/D15968_Medium_res.jpg?h=c15025bd&itok=EIHlZetq)
SA Member Arrests Communists
After the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, Hitler ordered the arrest of anyone with ties to the Communist Party. By the end of March, approximately 20,000 people had been arrested.
![A man in uniform stands before a line of men and women against a brick wall with their hands up.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1933_SAMemberArrestsCommunists_FH229435.jpg?h=fa24c94f&itok=JtAo0s80)
Discouraging German-Jewish Integration
In 1933, Jewish businessman Oskar Danker and his girlfriend, a Christian woman, were forced to carry signs discouraging Jewish-German integration.
![In 1933, Jewish businessman Oskar Danker and his girlfriend, a Christian woman, were forced to carry signs discouraging Jewish-German integration. Intimate relationships between “true Germans” and Jews were outlawed by 1935.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_DiscouragingGermanJewishIntegration_FH229441.jpg?h=ad1846e1&itok=dfgQyzmm)
Dismantled German Aircraft after WWI
German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
![German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image10_Medium_res.jpg?h=8b6300e7&itok=AKXPn6CM)
One Identity, Multiple Belongings
Consider the danger of forcing people to choose one part of their identity over another with this essay from a Lebanon-born writer living in France.
![Photograph by James Luna.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/HHB_Chapter_2_Medium_res.jpg?h=c9f93661&itok=OtysDNT5)
Edelweiss Pirates
A 1938 photo of a group of Edelweiss Pirates, an unofficial youth group that emerged in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth.
![A 1938 photo of a group of Edelweiss Pirates, an unofficial youth groups that emerged in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_EdelweissPirates_%20FH229438.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=caMiT2YX)
Europe and the Middle East, 1941
By the end of 1941, Germany and its allies, the Axis powers, had conquered most of continental Europe, from the eastern border of Spain to the outskirts of Moscow.
![By the end of 1941, Germany and its allies, the Axis powers, had conquered most of continental Europe, from the eastern border of Spain to the outskirts of Moscow.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1941_EuropeMiddleEast_%20FH229528.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=MBy_Srh5)
Flowers and Butterfly by Margit Koretzova
Margit Koretzova painted this while imprisoned at the Terezín ghetto-camp.
![Colorful watercolor of flowers and butterfly](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Flowers%20and%20Butterfly%20by%20Margit%20Koretzova.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=fWowc9yo)
French Countryside after World War II
Two brothers look down at their devastated town in the French countryside, Agneaux, as an American military Jeep drives by. The brothers’ father was executed by the Germans in 1944.
![Two boys sit on a branch in the foreground looking out at destroyed buildings and countryside.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch11_Image01.jpg?h=0255e088&itok=tQ7ZpqSZ)
German Troops in Paris
German troops parade past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris after they occupied the city in June 1940.
![German troops parade past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris after they occupied the city in June 1940.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1940_GermanTroopsInParis_%20FH229463.jpg?h=dfc3751c&itok=56pgPzNq)