Refusing to Pledge Allegiance
Read about two men's refusals to pledge their allegiance to the Nazis and the consequences they faced.
![German military recruits swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_SwearingAllegianceToHitler_FH229433.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=8JL6O5JQ)
Refusing to Pledge Allegiance (en español)
Read about two men's refusals to pledge their allegiance to the Nazis and the consequences they faced.
![German military recruits swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_SwearingAllegianceToHitler_FH229433.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=8JL6O5JQ)
Signing the Armistice
Find out about the terms of the armistice that ended World War I and the rumors that swirled in its wake.
![German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image10_Medium_res.jpg?h=8b6300e7&itok=AKXPn6CM)
Signing the Armistice (en español)
Find out about the terms of the armistice that ended World War I and the rumors that swirled in its wake. This resource is in Spanish.
![German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image10_Medium_res.jpg?h=8b6300e7&itok=AKXPn6CM)
The Evian Conference
Learn about the conference called by FDR in 1938 to discuss the growing Jewish refugee crisis.
![refugees on a large boat](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1939_RefugeesAboardtheStLouis_FH229460.jpg?h=8911ddd7&itok=lJSR65Z-)
The Evian Conference (en español)
Learn about the conference called by FDR in 1938 to discuss the growing Jewish refugee crisis. This resource is in Spanish.
![refugees on a large boat](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1939_RefugeesAboardtheStLouis_FH229460.jpg?h=8911ddd7&itok=lJSR65Z-)
Rabbi Shimon Huberband’s Account of Jews Being Executed for Leaving the Ghetto
Shimon Huberband, a central figure in the Oyneg Shabes, documents life in the Warsaw ghetto.
![A still of the documentary film "Who Will Write Our History" depicting a stack of papers.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2023-01/preparingdocumentsforburial_FH2174134.jpg?h=4362216e&itok=XZxx1cip)
Storm Troopers, Elite Guards, and Secret Police
Learn about the roles of the the SA, the SS, and the Gestapo in Nazi Germany.
![Crackdown on Communists and Social Democrats: arrested in the SA-barracks on Friedrichstrasse, April, 1933](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_CrackdownOnCommunistsSocialDemocrats_%20FH223594.jpg?h=b4b77820&itok=qioklvs6)
Storm Troopers, Elite Guards, and Secret Police (en español)
Learn about the roles of the the SA, the SS, and the Gestapo in Nazi Germany. This resource is in Spanish.
![Crackdown on Communists and Social Democrats: arrested in the SA-barracks on Friedrichstrasse, April, 1933](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_CrackdownOnCommunistsSocialDemocrats_%20FH223594.jpg?h=b4b77820&itok=qioklvs6)
Marketplace during Weimar's Hyperinflation
A woman takes a basket of banknotes to buy cabbage at a market during the 1923 hyperinflation in Weimar Germany.
![A woman takes a basket of banknotes to buy cabbage at a market during the 1933 hyperinflation in Weimar Germany.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image11_Medium_res.jpg?h=743bf4af&itok=TikJcpxP)
Members of Sighet’s Jewish Community
Romanian Jews standing in front of a Synagogue before World War 2.
![Group portrait outside of a wooden synagogue](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Members_of_Sighet%E2%80%99s_Jewish_Community_FH260043.jpg?h=f83c6171&itok=ED05ruNK)