SA Member Arrests Communists
After the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933, Hitler ordered the arrest of anyone with ties to the Communist Party. By the end of March, approximately 20,000 people had been arrested.
![A man in uniform stands before a line of men and women against a brick wall with their hands up.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1933_SAMemberArrestsCommunists_FH229435.jpg?h=fa24c94f&itok=JtAo0s80)
Discouraging German-Jewish Integration
In 1933, Jewish businessman Oskar Danker and his girlfriend, a Christian woman, were forced to carry signs discouraging Jewish-German integration.
![In 1933, Jewish businessman Oskar Danker and his girlfriend, a Christian woman, were forced to carry signs discouraging Jewish-German integration. Intimate relationships between “true Germans” and Jews were outlawed by 1935.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_DiscouragingGermanJewishIntegration_FH229441.jpg?h=ad1846e1&itok=dfgQyzmm)
Dismantled German Aircraft after WWI
German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
![German military aircraft being dismantled and scrapped after World War I, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image10_Medium_res.jpg?h=8b6300e7&itok=AKXPn6CM)
One Identity, Multiple Belongings
Consider the danger of forcing people to choose one part of their identity over another with this essay from a Lebanon-born writer living in France.
![Photograph by James Luna.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/HHB_Chapter_2_Medium_res.jpg?h=c9f93661&itok=OtysDNT5)
Edelweiss Pirates
A 1938 photo of a group of Edelweiss Pirates, an unofficial youth group that emerged in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth.
![A 1938 photo of a group of Edelweiss Pirates, an unofficial youth groups that emerged in response to the strict regimentation of the Hitler Youth.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_EdelweissPirates_%20FH229438.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=caMiT2YX)
Europe and the Middle East, 1941
By the end of 1941, Germany and its allies, the Axis powers, had conquered most of continental Europe, from the eastern border of Spain to the outskirts of Moscow.
![By the end of 1941, Germany and its allies, the Axis powers, had conquered most of continental Europe, from the eastern border of Spain to the outskirts of Moscow.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1941_EuropeMiddleEast_%20FH229528.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=MBy_Srh5)
Flowers and Butterfly by Margit Koretzova
Margit Koretzova painted this while imprisoned at the Terezín ghetto-camp.
![Colorful watercolor of flowers and butterfly](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Flowers%20and%20Butterfly%20by%20Margit%20Koretzova.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=fWowc9yo)
French Countryside after World War II
Two brothers look down at their devastated town in the French countryside, Agneaux, as an American military Jeep drives by. The brothers’ father was executed by the Germans in 1944.
![Two boys sit on a branch in the foreground looking out at destroyed buildings and countryside.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch11_Image01.jpg?h=0255e088&itok=tQ7ZpqSZ)
German Troops in Paris
German troops parade past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris after they occupied the city in June 1940.
![German troops parade past the Arc de Triomphe in Paris after they occupied the city in June 1940.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1940_GermanTroopsInParis_%20FH229463.jpg?h=dfc3751c&itok=56pgPzNq)
Hannah Höch, The Kitchen Knife, 1919
Hannah Höch's work, including The Kitchen Knife, consists primarily of collages often made from photographs.
![Höch’s work consists primarily of collages, often made from photographs. Höch was part of the Dada movement, which formed in part as a reaction to the death and destruction from World War I. Dada artists prized irrationality and considered their work “anti-art.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image02_Medium_res.jpg?h=2a35d14f&itok=6_ttoQA6)
Marion Pritchard
Marion Pritchard holds Erika Polak, one of the children she saved from the Nazis. Working with the Dutch resistance, Pritchard helped to save more than 150 children during World War II.
![Marion Pritchard holds Erika Polak, one of the children she saved from the Nazis. Working with the Dutch resistance, Pritchard helped save more than 150 children during World War II.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_MarionPritchard_%20FH229480.jpg?h=22294cb3&itok=dlCxu8XS)