A Pact with the Soviet Union
Learn about the non-aggression pact forged by Hitler and Stalin in 1939, the pact’s secret clauses, and the role of propaganda.
![Jewish men are arrested by the SS during Kristallnacht in Baden-Baden, Germany, and forced to march through the streets to a nearby synagogue to see it destroyed.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_ArrestsDuringKristallnacht_%20FH229462.jpg?h=312fc7ac&itok=2A1cNlCb)
Refugee Blues
Read W.H. Auden’s poem “Refugee Blues” about the plight of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust.
![In the Chicago Daily News, November 23, 1938, the cartoonist Cecil Jensen pleaded for world leaders to help Europe’s Jews.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Image_Ch07_07_Medium_res.jpg?h=f31e8512&itok=wXnPDOvH)
A Refugee Crisis
Consider how nations around the world responded to the Jewish refugee crisis created by Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria.
![In the Chicago Daily News, November 23, 1938, the cartoonist Cecil Jensen pleaded for world leaders to help Europe’s Jews.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Image_Ch07_07_Medium_res.jpg?h=f31e8512&itok=wXnPDOvH)
Targeting Poland
Get insight into the German public opinion on Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 with these primary source excerpts.
![The German military parades through Vienna on March 15, 1938, after the Anschluss.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_GermanMilitaryAustria_FH229461.jpg?h=ae6913b4&itok=MuA5p8zD)
Thoroughly Reprehensible Behavior
Read a report from the disciplinary hearing of a German college student who chose to help his Jewish neighbors after Kristallnacht.
![The German military parades through Vienna on March 15, 1938, after the Anschluss.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_GermanMilitaryAustria_FH229461.jpg?h=ae6913b4&itok=MuA5p8zD)
Thoroughly Reprehensible Behavior (en español)
In Spanish, read a report from the disciplinary hearing of a German college student who chose to help his Jewish neighbors after Kristallnacht.
![The German military parades through Vienna on March 15, 1938, after the Anschluss.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_GermanMilitaryAustria_FH229461.jpg?h=ae6913b4&itok=MuA5p8zD)
World Responses to Kristallnacht
Consider how leaders like FDR, clergy members, and ordinary people around the world responded to the news of Kristallnacht.
![In the Chicago Daily News, November 23, 1938, the cartoonist Cecil Jensen pleaded for world leaders to help Europe’s Jews.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Image_Ch07_07_Medium_res.jpg?h=f31e8512&itok=wXnPDOvH)
The Impact of Propaganda
Get insight on the ability and limits of propaganda to influence the beliefs, feelings, and actions of those exposed to it.
![An issue of the antisemitic propaganda newspaper Der Stürmer (The Attacker) is posted on the sidewalk in Worms, Germany, in 1935. The headline above the case says, ""The Jews Are Our Misfortune.""](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2016_NaziPropagandaNewspaper_FH229452.jpg?h=fb0bd1b2&itok=WOgfci3M)
The Impact of Propaganda (en español)
Get insight on the ability and limits of propaganda to influence the beliefs, feelings, and actions of those exposed to it. This resource is in Spanish.
![An issue of the antisemitic propaganda newspaper Der Stürmer (The Attacker) is posted on the sidewalk in Worms, Germany, in 1935. The headline above the case says, ""The Jews Are Our Misfortune.""](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2016_NaziPropagandaNewspaper_FH229452.jpg?h=fb0bd1b2&itok=WOgfci3M)
Jewish Refugees from Austria
Examine a 1938 poll that reveals the public opinion in the United States toward the Jewish refugee crisis.
![refugees on a large boat](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1939_RefugeesAboardtheStLouis_FH229460.jpg?h=8911ddd7&itok=lJSR65Z-)
Jewish Refugees from Austria (en español)
Examine a 1938 poll that reveals the public opinion in the United States toward the Jewish refugee crisis. This resource is in Spanish.
![refugees on a large boat](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1939_RefugeesAboardtheStLouis_FH229460.jpg?h=8911ddd7&itok=lJSR65Z-)