Part Two: Defining Freedom
Scholars discuss the evolution of the definition of freedom for emancipated slaves after the Civil War.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_467.jpg)
"Kristallnacht": The November 1938 Pogroms
Scholars discuss the events of Kristallnacht, a series of violent attacks against Jews in Germany, Austria, and part of Czechoslovakia in November, 1938.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_643.jpg)
Sinti Woman in Germany
An elderly Sinti woman walks down a German street with her grandchildren in the 1930s.
![An elderly Sinti woman walks down a German street with her grandchildren in the 1930s.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_SintiWomanGermany_%20FH229469.jpg?h=7ec4addb&itok=kCpDH5rR)
South African Scooter Drivers Union
Spurred by the strikes in Durban in 1973, the formation of trade unions, like the South African Scooter Drivers Union in Johannesburg (1984), provided labor protection to black South Africans.
![Illusration on poster depicts men on motorcyles with shirts reading "SASDU" and gold wings.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-08/South_African_Scooter_Drivers_Union_teaser.jpeg?h=def8f538&itok=JVshKpJE)
Sughar Women Empowerment Project
Women hold embroidery they created with the Sughar Foundation, an organization that provides Pakistani women with opportunities for socioeconomic empowerment.
![Young women seated on the floor of a room in colorful clothing and headscarves hold up a quilt they made.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch12_Image03.jpg?h=a1e1a043&itok=i9O_4xHP)
Support the Consumer Boycott
Designed in 1985, this UDF poster, is the first from a set of five that were produced to highlight the demands of a consumer boycott in the Western Cape.
![Hands raised in protest hold a book, tools, and paintbrushes carry, and a flag that says "the people shall govern."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Support_the_Consumer_Boycott.jpg?h=e4cd756e&itok=7Rk5a85j)
The National Coal Strikes: The Miner Emerges
Artist Boardman Robinson drew ‘The Miner Emerges’ in response to the National Coal Strikes in 1912 in the United Kingdom and the United States.
![A pencil on paper sketch of a miner in distress.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1912_themineremerges_FH2169297.png?h=5f568b80&itok=-lcCLZDX)
The World after World War I
World War I hastened the crumbling of several empires, while others retained their global power. Compare this map of the 1920 world to a map of empires in 1914.
![Map identifying territories of world empires after World War I.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Map_33_World_After_WWI_1920.jpg?h=38e4958f&itok=pZAFp03N)
El Mundo Después la Primera Guerra Mundial
La Primera Guerra Mundial precipitó el derrumbe de muchos imperios, mientras que otros mantuvieron su poder global. Compare este mapa de la década de los veinte con el mapa de los imperios en 1914.
![Map identifying territories of world empires after World War I.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Map_33_World_After_WWI_1920.jpg?h=38e4958f&itok=pZAFp03N)
Triumph of the Will Propaganda Film
Leni Riefenstahl's documentary-style film glorified Hitler and the Nazi Party. It was shot at the 1934 Nazi Party congress and rally in Nuremberg.
![Leni Riefenstahl's documentary-style film Triumph of the Will glorified Hitler and the Nazi party. It was shot at the 1934 Nazi Party congress and rally in Nuremberg.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1934_TriumphOfTheWillPropagandaFilm_%20FH229448.jpg?h=0429cc9e&itok=aYRfG6nB)
United Nations Founding Members
On June 26, 1945, 50 nations signed a charter to create the United Nations in order to promote international cooperation and human rights.
![Map highlighting United Nations founding member countries in blue.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Map_101_UN_Founding_Members_1945.jpg?h=38e4958f&itok=7r-BUgym)