The Freedom Charter
Examine the 1955 Freedom Charter, established by the ANC and supporting groups, which calls for all races to enjoy equal rights, protections, and benefits under the law.
![A group of resisters proudly pose after their release from prison in Durban during the Defiance Campaign Against Unjust Laws, 1952.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Democracy_1952_TheDefianceCampaign_FH281822.jpg?h=56feb499&itok=2LnEBZM4)
The Road to Brown
This film shows the legal case against segregation that launched the civil rights movement.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_276.jpg)
John Carey on the Rule of Law
Political scientist John Carey discusses the importance of the rule of law in making democracy work.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_1985.jpg)
Mandela on Trial
Nelson Mandela describes the ANC and PAC’s shift from non-violent resistance of apartheid to violent sabotage under the militant faction MK in his testimony during the Rivonia Trial.
!["A young Nelson Mandela poses for a photograph in Umtata shortly before moving to Fort Beaufort to attend Healdtown Comprehensive School. "](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Nelson_Mandela_Medium_res.jpg?h=623540e1&itok=0V950_BY)
A Wife's Lament
Consider the unique experiences of black South African women during apartheid, many of whom were forced to live far away from their husbands on bantustans.
![A group of women hold signs in demonstration against the pass laws in Cape Town on August 9, 1956, the same day as the massive women’s protest in Pretoria.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Democracy_1956_WomenResistPassLaws_FH281823.jpg?h=cb9047e7&itok=NA94IMQt)
Witness to a Massacre
Barbara Turkeltaub, a Jewish girl who was hidden by Catholic nuns during the war, describes witnessing a Nazi massacre.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_530.jpg)
Book Burning in Berlin
Students contribute anti-German books to be destroyed at a Berlin book-burning on May 10, 1933. About 40,000 people attended the event.
![Crowds of young men are adding books to a dumpster to be destroyed at a Berlin book-burning.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Book%20Burning%20in%20Berlin.jpg?h=743bf4af&itok=y962Ef7g)
Bar Mitzvah at Zerrennerstrasse Synagogue
A bar mitzvah at the liberal Zerrennerstrasse synagogue in Pforzheim, Germany, 1936.
![Boy reads Torah while surrounded by adults during bar mitzvah](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Bar%20Mitzvah%20at%20Zerrennerstrasse%20Synagogue.jpg?h=048697cd&itok=9qzQhHYf)
Confiscation of Prisoners’ Belongings
These men were determined fit enough to perform hard labor. Their heads were shaved and their clothes replaced with prison uniforms.
![Men in prison uniform and shaved heads stand in line.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Confiscation%20of%20Prisoners%E2%80%99%20Belongings.jpg?h=8e8edc7c&itok=F4zP7Q1K)