Black Officeholders in the South (en español)
In Spanish, these tables provide data about African American officeholders in the South during Reconstruction.
![Portrait of man seated in suit.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/REC_04a_Blanche_Bruce.jpg?h=b75a1373&itok=WIl27GuK)
Changing Names
Three formerly enslaved people discuss their names and the changes they underwent after Emancipation.
![Men and women dressed up.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg?h=6ea8326e&itok=sLYv2i9o)
Changing Names (en español)
Three formerly enslaved people discuss their names and the changes they underwent after Emancipation. This reading is in Spanish.
![Men and women dressed up.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19.jpg?h=6ea8326e&itok=sLYv2i9o)
The Civil Rights Act of 1866
This is the full text of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which made freedpeople citizens.
![Historical newspaper with headline reading “civil rights bill.”](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/image063.jpg?h=e111bd9d&itok=Y2bjiHOh)
Congress Debates the Fourteenth Amendment
Quotations from the 1866 congressional debate over the Fourteenth Amendment help students clarify what the amendment says and its significance.
![Photo of page 1 of the 14th amendment of the US Constitution](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Civil_Rights_1868_14th_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution_%20FH21203.jpg?h=4359e9ca&itok=4j99BHvV)
Conquered (en español)
In Spanish, in an 1865 journal entry, Southerner Kate Stone mourns the Confederacy’s defeat.
![Ruins of a building and carriages.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Charleston_sc_1865.jpg?h=02857a37&itok=Qup7m3tC)
Election Day in Clinton, Mississippi (1875)
Eugene Welborne describes the attacks and intimidations on Black voters on Election Day in 1875.
![People voting.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg?h=4bc92e92&itok=w2ULaH3x)
Election Day in Clinton, Mississippi (1875) (en español)
In Spanish, Eugene Welborne describes the attacks and intimidations on Black voters on Election Day in 1875.
![People voting.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/FreedmenVotingInNewOrleans1867.jpeg?h=4bc92e92&itok=w2ULaH3x)
Election Violence in Mississippi (1875)
Robert Gleeds, an African American candidate for sheriff in Lowndes County, Mississippi, describes the violence that occurred on the eve of the 1875 election.
![Cartoon showing violence and dead bodies at polling place with two men shaking hands.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/figure_178_Nast_vs_Greeley.png?h=a44ae31d&itok=5rVecj0T)
Election Violence in Mississippi (en español)
In Spanish, Robert Gleeds, an African American candidate for sheriff in Lowndes County, Mississippi, describes the violence that occurred on the eve of the 1875 election.
![Cartoon showing violence and dead bodies at polling place with two men shaking hands.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/figure_178_Nast_vs_Greeley.png?h=a44ae31d&itok=5rVecj0T)