The White Citizens Councils
Historian David Halberstam describes the White Citizens’ Councils and their efforts to actively oppose integration in the South in the 1950s.
![Man "White League" shaking hands with Ku Klux Klan member over shield illustrated with African American couple with dead(?) baby. In background, man hanging from tree.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/1874_WorseThanSlavery1874_FH140921.jpg?h=7fc8cdf2&itok=807BJ2Zj)
Being Well Born: New Civic Biology by George William Hunter
Read excerpts of George William Hunter’s book about the now-disproved idea that traits like intelligence and morality are handed down from generation to generation.
![Photograph of journal bindings in an anthropology library, showing the transition where Eugenics Quarterly was renamed to Social Biology in 1969.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/2006_EugenicsQuarterlytoSocialBiology_FH2169993.jpeg?h=73f03467&itok=V_UX5PAx)
The Birthday Party: Outside the Magic Circle by Virginia Foster Durr
In her autobiography, Outside the Magic Circle, white southerner Virginia Foster Durr recalls how the customs of the Jim Crow South affected her seventh birthday party.
![Eliza "Didy" Ridgely White, her extended family, and their servants are seen on the porch at the Bruen Villa on Bellevue Avenue in Newport, Rhode Island.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/1864_FamilyGroupinNewport_FH147226.jpg?h=93ecfe0f&itok=DTLMZ_A3)
Peril and Promise (1980-2000)
Login Required
Part six of Latino Americans covers the years since 1980, when a second wave of Cubans arrived in Miami and hundreds of thousands of Salvadorans, Nicaraguans, and Guatemalans fleeing civil wars, death squads, and unrest migrated to the US.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_1366.jpg)
Why Study Reconstruction?
The Reconstruction era was a pivotal moment in American history. Civil rights were set in motion as Americans grappled to rebuild after the division and trauma of the Civil War, raising essential questions about freedom and democracy.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_457.jpg)
Writing History's Next Chapter
Scholars Timothy McCarthy and George Lipsitz discuss the connection between our responsibilities in the world today and two historical periods: the civil rights movement and the Reconstruction era.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_731.jpg)
Roosevelt Williams Recalls Moving for Work in Alabama and Mississippi
Roosevelt Williams describes different jobs he held and how he moved around the segregated South to find work in the 1930s and 1940s.
![A man ploughing with two horses, possibly near Featherston.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/1915_AManPloughingWithTwoHorses_FH2170780.png?h=2a32defd&itok=SJxEuhw1)
Roosevelt Williams Recalls Voting in Alabama
Roosevelt Williams describes voting in segregated Alabama in the 1930s and 1940s.
![Voters at the voting booths, 1945.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/1945_VotersAtTheVotingBooths_FH224203.jpg?h=6355ac16&itok=Y6NFJuGl)
The Scottsboro Affair
Consider the nature of justice with this reading about the Scottsboro Affair in which nine black teenagers were accused of raping two white women in the 1930s.
![The Scottsboro Boys with attorney Samuel Leibowitz, 1932](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/1932_TheScottsboroBoyswithattorneySamuelLeibowitz_FH2173829.jpg?h=74939261&itok=j2h0Ev7x)
The Southern Lady and Belle: The Companion to Southern Literature by Joseph Flora and Lucinda MacKethan
Authors Joseph Flora and Lucinda MacKethan describe the social stereotypes of the "Southern lady" and the younger "Southern belle."
![Cover illustration of Harper's Weekly, September 7, 1861 showing a stereotypical Southern belle](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/1861_CoverIllustrationOfHarpersWeekly_FH2170271.jpeg?h=7d7ebcb9&itok=y3T_lb8s)
Understanding Jim Crow
Deepen students' understanding of the systems of racial separation and institutionalized segregation known as Jim Crow to better grasp the time and setting of To Kill A Mockingbird.
![Sign at bus station reads "Colored Waiting Room."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/1943_ColoredWaitingRoom_FH21228.jpg?h=e8fd9e62&itok=EnkQ2yR2)