"Expansion Was Everything"
Read about nineteenth-century Imperialism, the Congress of Berlin, and W. E. B. Du Bois’ analysis of the profound consequences of Europe's colonization of Africa.
![Sketch of a European imperialist standing with legs straddled and arms out.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch02_Image06.png?h=f64886a2&itok=l90yjBTr)
Inventing Black and White
Learn how Bacon’s Rebellion became a turning point for the way the laws of colonial Virginia distinguished people of different races.
![This 1905 painting by Howard Pyle depicts the burning of Jamestown in 1676 by black and white rebels led by Nathaniel Bacon.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch02_Image04.jpg?h=88e54252&itok=CN84Dt0-)
Religion, Loyalty, and Belonging
Read statements by George Washington and Napoleon Bonaparte about religious freedom and the membership of Jews in eighteenth-century France and the United States.
![George Washington](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/3.jpg?h=74bddc33&itok=B9RdNJ9K)
From Religious Prejudice to Antisemitism
Learn about the restricted rights and membership of Jews in newly unified Germany, and antisemitism's pervasiveness across Europe during this period.
![Abstract image of friends.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Holocaust_2014_friends_FH129352.jpg?h=d9c90c06&itok=awSArrUF)
From Religious Prejudice to Antisemitism (en español)
Learn about the restricted rights and membership of Jews in newly unified Germany, and antisemitism's pervasiveness across Europe during this period. This resource is in Spanish.
![Abstract image of friends.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Holocaust_2014_friends_FH129352.jpg?h=d9c90c06&itok=awSArrUF)
The Science of Race
Read about the seventeenth- and eighteenth- century scientists who tried to prove that humankind is divided into separate and unequal races.
![The Nazis used public displays to spread their ideas of race. The chart shown here is titled "The Biology of Growth," and is labeled "Stages of Growth for Members of the Nordic Race."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Holocaust_2022_Stages_of_Growth_for_Members_of_the_Nordic_Race_FH2173574.jpg?h=4ef8ed75&itok=8_9e8SNU)
Universe of Obligation
Reflect on how individuals, communities, and nations decide who has rights that are worthy of respect and protection with this introduction to the concept of the "universe of obligation."
![Integrated classroom listening to lecture.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Integrated_Classroom_at_Anacostia_High_School_Washington_DC.jpg?h=84d4f253&itok=A77sd2zj)
Universe of Obligation (UK)
Reflect on how individuals, communities, and nations decide who has rights that are worthy of respect and protection with this introduction to the concept of the "universe of obligation".
![Integrated classroom listening to lecture.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Integrated_Classroom_at_Anacostia_High_School_Washington_DC.jpg?h=84d4f253&itok=A77sd2zj)
Universe of Obligation (en español)
Reflect on how individuals, communities, and nations decide who has rights that are worthy of respect and protection with this introduction to the concept of the "universe of obligation". This resource is in Spanish.
![Integrated classroom listening to lecture.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/Integrated_Classroom_at_Anacostia_High_School_Washington_DC.jpg?h=84d4f253&itok=A77sd2zj)
Revenge
Reflect on the desire for revenge that many victorious troops held at the end of World War II.
![After American soldiers liberated Dachau in 1945, an inmate of the camp attacks a German soldier.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch10_Image01_Medium_res.jpg?h=d2de68a6&itok=kmBPzss-)
Does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Matter?
Consider the reverberations that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has made in the years since it was adopted.
![Sixty pairs of shoes mark the site in Budapest, Hungary, where fascist Arrow Cross militiamen shot Jews and threw their bodies into the river in 1944 and 1945. The memorial opened in 2005.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2023-04/Shoes_On_The_Danube_Bank_Memorial_FH229489.jpg?h=8ed7bdd6&itok=hik9xZai)