Part Two: Defining Freedom
Scholars discuss the evolution of the definition of freedom for emancipated slaves after the Civil War.
![](/sites/default/files/brightcove/videos/images/posters/image_467.jpg)
How It Feels to Be Colored Me
Zora Neale Hurston describes her sense of identity and experience being a black woman in this 1928 essay.
![Author Zora Neale Hurston wearing a hat with her head turned to her right.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-09/Zora_Neale_Hurston_1938_Wikimedia_Commons.jpeg?h=8e4088dc&itok=sQRUzvvP)
Hitler Youth Propaganda
This 1935 poster promotes the Hitler Youth by stating: “Youth serves the Führer! All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.”
![This 1935 poster promotes the Hitler Youth by stating: “Youth serves the Führer! All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.”](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1935_HitlerYouthPropaganda_FH229453.jpg?h=281fd010&itok=hUkcmOSd)
Hitler Youth Propaganda (en español)
This 1935 poster promotes the Hitler Youth by stating: “Youth serves the Führer! All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.” This resource is in Spanish.
![This 1935 poster promotes the Hitler Youth by stating: “Youth serves the Führer! All ten-year-olds into the Hitler Youth.”](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1935_HitlerYouthPropaganda_FH229453.jpg?h=281fd010&itok=hUkcmOSd)
Immigration in Texas
Immigrant women and children wait to enter the bus station after they were processed and released by U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Friday, June 22, 2018, in McAllen, Texas.
![Immigrant women and children wait to enter the bus station.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/2018_ImmigrantsinTexas_FH289810.jpg?h=6834cfb5&itok=lxF7ZoED)
Imperialism Cartoon, 1898
In this French political cartoon from 1898, the Qing official observes powerlessly as a pastry representing China is divided up by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French Marianne, and a samurai of Japan. The cartoon is intended to portray the imperialist tendencies towards China at the time.
![In this French political cartoon from 1898, the Qing official observes powerlessly as a pastry representing China is divided up by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, William II of Russia, the French Marianne, and a samurai of Japan.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1898_ChineseImperialism_FH131040.jpg?h=aeb07656&itok=a5Wp4EAN)
Limiting Opportunity
This reading covers an excerpt from The Autobiography of Malcolm X, where Malcolm Little's teacher told him his race limited the career opportunities available to him.
![Malcolm X Portrait Photo](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-04/Malcolm_X_portrait_photo.jpeg?h=493f01bd&itok=3rpebdzF)
Challenging Racist Assumptions
This reading contains an excerpt of Horace Mann Bond's response to the racist ideas put forward in Carl Brigham’s A Study of American Intelligence.
![Three students at table, working on a project](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-08/_DSF7226-7%20%282%29.jpg?h=c3635fa2&itok=qCN89AzQ)
Identity and Belonging (UK)
Author Sarfraz Manzoor writes about the experiences that shaped his understanding of what it means to be British and what it means to belong.
![Arms being raised in a crowd](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-08/Belonging_Arms_FH229369_teaser.jpeg?h=56d0ca2e&itok=pStA0gd3)
Doors to Opportunity
Read about the experiences of two young immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s and how race shaped the kind of education to each of them.
Racism and Intelligence Test Scores
Learn more about the history of intelligence tests and how test results were used to help justify discrimination in the 1900s.