Samuel Bak’s Illuminations Audio Tour
This audio tour features commentary by Holocaust scholar Lawrence Langer on the 28 paintings in Holocaust survivor Samuel Bak’s Illuminations collection.
![Illustration "Concept" by Samuel Bak](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2024-03/BK1575_print.jpg?h=9f9ace78&itok=yBDsz5pI)
The Weimar Republic: The Fragility of Democracy
Explore the efforts to build a democracy in Germany in the 1920s, and examine the misunderstandings, myths, and fears that often undercut those efforts.
![In addition to his depictions of World War I, Otto Dix was also known for his ruthless criticism of German society during the Weimar years.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch04_Image05_Medium_res.jpg?h=92903f94&itok=hFi7XgsO)
The Reichstag Fire: The Shift from Democracy to Dictatorship
Germany's Reichstag Fire is seen as a cautionary tale about the fragility of democracy.
![Germans look on as the Reichstag building burns on February 27, 1933.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_ReichstagFire_%20FH229429.jpg?h=40d6a7d7&itok=PBcAxqXk)
"Miss American"
Arch Oboler’s radio play, performed by Katharine Hepburn, pleaded with American audiences to offer more aid to Jewish refugee children. It aired as the country debated over the Wagner-Rogers Bill (Joint Resolution 64).
![Passengers aboard the St. Louis, seeking refugee from Nazi-occupied Europe, wait to find out if they will be allowed entry into Cuba in June 1939.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-08/Holocaust_1939_RefugeesAboardTheStLouis_%20FH229460_teaser.jpeg?h=e594a8ba&itok=Ih4cMfSI)
Targeting Jews
Learn about the Nazis' boycott of Jewish-owned businesses, including a firsthand account from a German Jew.
![SA members in 1933 stand in front of a barricaded Jewish shop, holding signs in both German and English urging the boycott of Jewish businesses.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_BoycottOfJewishBusinesses_FH229436.jpg?h=fb0bd1b2&itok=rrEd3_YP)
Targeting Jews (UK)
Learn about the Nazis' boycott of Jewish-owned businesses, including a firsthand account from a German Jew.
![SA members in 1933 stand in front of a barricaded Jewish shop, holding signs in both German and English urging the boycott of Jewish businesses.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_BoycottOfJewishBusinesses_FH229436.jpg?h=fb0bd1b2&itok=rrEd3_YP)
Targeting Jews (en español)
Learn about the Nazis' boycott of Jewish-owned businesses, including a firsthand account from a German Jew. This resource is in Spanish.
![SA members in 1933 stand in front of a barricaded Jewish shop, holding signs in both German and English urging the boycott of Jewish businesses.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_BoycottOfJewishBusinesses_FH229436.jpg?h=fb0bd1b2&itok=rrEd3_YP)
A Test of Loyalty
Consider how two government employees in Nazi Germany chose to respond to the 1933 Civil Service Law, which suspended employment to Jews and others.
![German military recruits swear allegiance to Adolf Hitler.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_SwearingAllegianceToHitler_FH229433.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=8JL6O5JQ)
A Wave of Discrimination
Review a list of anti-Jewish laws, policies, and decrees made in Nazi Germany in 1933.
![Crackdown on Communists and Social Democrats: arrested in the SA-barracks on Friedrichstrasse, April, 1933](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_CrackdownOnCommunistsSocialDemocrats_%20FH223594.jpg?h=b4b77820&itok=qioklvs6)
A Wave of Discrimination (en español)
Review a list of anti-Jewish laws, policies, and decrees made in Nazi Germany in 1933. This resource is in Spanish.
![Crackdown on Communists and Social Democrats: arrested in the SA-barracks on Friedrichstrasse, April, 1933](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1933_CrackdownOnCommunistsSocialDemocrats_%20FH223594.jpg?h=b4b77820&itok=qioklvs6)
Where They Burn Books...
Consider the significance of the public burning of books in Nazi Germany in 1933.
![Students contribute anti-German books to be destroyed at a Berlin book-burning on May 10, 1933. About 40,000 people attended the event.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/Ch05_Image04_Medium_res.jpg?h=743bf4af&itok=z-Z7ctxe)