Beyond Any Nation’s Universe of Obligation
Learn about the plight of the Polish Jews expelled by the Nazis from their homes in Germany in 1938.
![Thousands of Polish Jews were expelled by Germany and turned away by Poland in the fall of 1938, leaving them trapped and living in unsuitable conditions along the German-Polish border.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2938_JewsGermanPolishBorderTown_FH229458.jpg?h=4c3b389f&itok=tW5AonZi)
Crisis in Czechoslovakia
Consider why Hitler's demand for the Sudetenland evolved into an international crisis, and evaluate the resulting agreement forged by Hitler, Chamberlain, and Daladier.
![What remained of the synagogue in Dortmund, Germany, after the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_SynagogueKristallnacht_%20FH229456.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=MUxk7bTv)
Diplomatic Responses: The Smallbones Scheme
Discover how a British diplomat created a visa program that allowed 48,000 Jews to escape Nazi-occupied Germany.
![Robert Smallbones, a British diplomat who created a visa program that enabled Jews to escape Nazi-occupied Germany, and his wife, Inge.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_RobertIngeSmallbones_%20FH229455.jpg?h=347bb53a&itok=03KUXQea)
Opportunism during Kristallnacht
Examine firsthand reports of the theft committed against Jews during the chaos and violence of Kristallnacht.
![What remained of the synagogue in Dortmund, Germany, after the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_SynagogueKristallnacht_%20FH229456.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=MUxk7bTv)
Opportunism during Kristallnacht (en español)
In Spanish, examine firsthand reports of the theft committed against Jews during the chaos and violence of Kristallnacht. This resource is in Spanish.
![What remained of the synagogue in Dortmund, Germany, after the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_SynagogueKristallnacht_%20FH229456.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=MUxk7bTv)
A Visitor’s Perspective on Kristallnacht
Consider a Swiss merchant’s account of how his German colleagues responded to the events of Kristallnacht.
![What remained of the synagogue in Dortmund, Germany, after the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_SynagogueKristallnacht_%20FH229456.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=MUxk7bTv)
A Visitor’s Perspective on Kristallnacht (en español)
In Spanish, consider a Swiss merchant’s account of how his German colleagues responded to the events of Kristallnacht.
![What remained of the synagogue in Dortmund, Germany, after the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_1938_SynagogueKristallnacht_%20FH229456.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=MUxk7bTv)
Historical Context for Schindler's List
Explore the history of events behind the film Schindler's List with this interactive timeline.
![The final days of the revolt in the Warsaw ghetto. Fires are still burning, even as German soldiers march newly captured Jews to trains.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/2015_UprisinginWarsawghetto_FH147002.jpg?h=56bf1666&itok=XiKvgg-5)
A Matter of Obedience?
Learn about psychologist Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience and the insight they offer into the motives of Nazi perpetrators.
![This illustration by Bedrich Fritta, a prisoner at Terezín, depicts the “beautification” of the ghetto-camp undertaken by the SS before the Red Cross visit in 1944.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2016_FacadesfortheInternationalCommission_FH229472.jpg?h=6834cfb5&itok=pYLQ0-gr)
A Matter of Obedience? (en español)
Learn about psychologist Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience and the insight they offer into the motives of Nazi perpetrators. This resource is in Spanish.
![This illustration by Bedrich Fritta, a prisoner at Terezín, depicts the “beautification” of the ghetto-camp undertaken by the SS before the Red Cross visit in 1944.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2016_FacadesfortheInternationalCommission_FH229472.jpg?h=6834cfb5&itok=pYLQ0-gr)
Mobile Killing Units
Learn about the mass shootings and massacres of Jews by German forces at Babi Yar, Kiev, and other Baltic territories.
![Nazi soldier holds gun to a man's head who is kneeled next to a ditch full of bodies.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Holocaust_2016_MassGraveinVinnytsiaUkraine_FH229478.jpg?h=b5e7ecd0&itok=kaw8xWRY)