Apology
Despite the apologies Japanese political leaders have issued, the Chinese people and Sino-Japanese relations still remain strained. This reading helps students explore the role apologies play as a means toward achieving justice.
![Former Japanese Prime Minister Hatoyama Yukio and his wife bow as they mourn for the Nanjing Massacre victims.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/IMAGE_42_7_YUKIO.jpg?h=aecdb15b&itok=c9qAJSuI)
Healing Historical Wounds
How do two nations who share a past of violence, war, and atrocities forge a new relationship?
A Nation’s Past
The Shinto Yasukuni shrine has become a focal point for national tensions between China and Japan.
Responsibility of Command
Class A defendants Matsui Iwane and Hirota Koki are questioned as to their knowledge of atrocities committed by those under their command.
![This is a general view of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East meeting in Tokyo in April, 1947.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/IMAGE_38_6_TRIAL_Medium_res.jpg?h=e87e9acc&itok=ZK5Srpjl)
What History Textbooks Leave Out
In 2013, BBC reporter Oi Mariko reflected upon her own childhood education in Japan in the article “What Japanese History Lessons Leave Out”.
![A monument of a woman holding a child stands at the front of the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/IMAGE_43_7_MONUMENT.jpg?h=c274347c&itok=hLx6w58l)
Fan Culture at a Tottenham Match
Introduce the culture of antisemitism at Tottenham Hotspur football matches with this description of the stadium's atmosphere.
![Fans in a soccer stadium with a banner depicting a star of David and words "Yid Army."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Standing_Up_Antisemitism_Football_Medium_res.jpg?h=603532df&itok=RF1t607O)
Responses to Antisemitism Online
Read about a British university student who used social media to speak up about an antisemitic incident on her campus.
![Students participate in a group activity.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/2015_20150813_TreyClark_0419_FH221009.jpg?h=2f6148de&itok=YBxcFD7A)
Names and Freedom
Historians Douglas Egerton and Leon Litwack explain the process of freedpeople adopting new surnames.
![A group of African Americans soberly observe Juneteenth in their hats, canes and bonnets in Austin, TX, 1900.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19%20%281%29.jpg?h=6ea8326e&itok=2mUmYjCx)
Names and Freedom (en español)
In Spanish, historians Douglas Egerton and Leon Litwack explain the process of freedpeople adopting new surnames.
![A group of African Americans soberly observe Juneteenth in their hats, canes and bonnets in Austin, TX, 1900.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Emancipation_Day_celebration_-_1900-06-19%20%281%29.jpg?h=6ea8326e&itok=2mUmYjCx)
The 1951 Refugee Convention and Protocol
Explore this condensed list of the legal rights of refugees established by the 1951 Refugee Convention.
![Syrian refugees cross from Syria to Turkey via the Orontes River, near the village of Hacipasa, Turkey, Dec. 8, 2012. This image was one in a series of 20 by AP photographers that won the 2013 Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Photography.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/2013_SyrianRefugeesontheOrontesRiver_FH248167.jpg?h=c9f93661&itok=Gx3XIq0Q)