Resource Library
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![A group of high school students sit at desks in conversation.](/sites/default/files/styles/scale_480/public/2023-10/AdobeStock_254378868.jpg?itok=f6YAphey)
Introducing Our US History Curriculum Collection
Draw from this flexible curriculum collection as you plan any middle or high school US history course. Featuring units, C3-style inquiries, and case studies, the collection will help you explore themes of democracy and freedom with your students throughout the year.
The Charge of Genocide
In the 1990s, residential schools scholars and many indigenous leaders began to argue that the efforts of the Canadian government to assimilate the Indigenous Peoples in the residential schools embodied the principle of cultural genocide: assimilation was intended to destroy the Indigenous Peoples as culturally distinct group.
![Graphic from cover of "Stolen Lives: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada and the Indian Residential Schools."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/SL_graphic5.png?h=bc3345c8&itok=_uc8CaVR)
L'accusation de génocide
Dans les années 1990, des chercheurs sur les pensionnats et de nombreux leaders autochtones ont commencé à affirmer que les efforts du gouvernement canadien pour assimiler les Peuples Autochtones dans les pensionnats incarnaient le principe du génocide culturel : l'intention de détruire les Peuples Autochtones en tant que groupe culturel distinct.
![Graphic from cover of "Stolen Lives: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada and the Indian Residential Schools."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/SL_graphic5.png?h=bc3345c8&itok=_uc8CaVR)
Prime Minister Harper’s Apology
The apology is part of the process arranged by the government and the First Nations as parties to the agreement, part of an overall attempt to address the government’s role in the history of the Indian Residential Schools.
![Graphic from cover of "Stolen Lives: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada and the Indian Residential Schools."](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-05/SL_graphic5.png?h=bc3345c8&itok=_uc8CaVR)
Cross Lake Indian Residential School
Although government funded, the residential schools were operated by churches, with clergymen and women serving most teaching and administrative roles. This photo was taken at Cross Lake Indian Residential School in Manitoba, 1940.
![A nun stands in the back of a classroom, and children are posed sitting at desks with their hands folded.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1940_CrossLakeIndianResidentialSchool_FH24275.jpg?h=a20ec326&itok=iaf787eD)
Pensionnat autochtone de Cross Lake
Même si le gouvernement les finançait, les pensionnats autochtones étaient opérés par les églises et les membres du clergé remplissaient la plupart des fonctions pédagogiques et administratives. Cette photo fut prise au pensionnat autochtone de Cross Lake au Manitoba en 1940.
![A nun stands in the back of a classroom, and children are posed sitting at desks with their hands folded.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1940_CrossLakeIndianResidentialSchool_FH24275.jpg?h=a20ec326&itok=iaf787eD)
Fort Qu’Appelle Indian Industrial School
Tipis stand just outside the fence of Fort Qu’Appelle Indian Industrial School in 1895 in Lebret, Saskatchewan. The tipis likely belong to the First Nation families of children attending the school.
![A rural setting with teepees in the foreground and a group of buildings in the background.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1895_FortQu%E2%80%99Appelle_FH24269.jpg?h=4df085b2&itok=2BIES1v-)
L’école industrielle indienne de Fort Qu’Appelle
Cette photographie de 1895 illustre des tipis situés en périphérie de la clôture de l’école industrielle indienne de Fort Qu’Appelle, située au village de Lebret dans la province de Saskatchewan. Les tipis appartiennent probablement aux familles des enfants qui fréquentent l’école.
![A rural setting with teepees in the foreground and a group of buildings in the background.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1895_FortQu%E2%80%99Appelle_FH24269.jpg?h=4df085b2&itok=2BIES1v-)
Fort Resolution Indian Residential School
In the crowded and understaffed residential schools, the physical and domestic chores performed by students were critical to keeping the schools afloat. In this photo children are seen cutting logs at Fort Resolution Indian Residential School.
![A group of boys are cutting and handling logs in assembly line fashion.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Genocide_FortResolutionResidentialSchoolBoysworking_FH24274.jpg?h=7578e71c&itok=x8z4eOB-)
Pensionnat autochtone de Fort Resolution
Dans les pensionnats autochtones bondés et en pénurie d’effectifs, les corvées physiques et domestiques effectuées par les étudiants étaient essentielles pour maintenir les écoles en vie. Sur cette photographie se trouvent des enfants qui coupent des billes de bois au pensionnat autochtone de Fort Resolution dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest.
![A group of boys are cutting and handling logs in assembly line fashion.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-06/Genocide_FortResolutionResidentialSchoolBoysworking_FH24274.jpg?h=7578e71c&itok=x8z4eOB-)
Fur Trade
Europeans and Indigenous Peoples of Canada interacted through the fur trade for almost 300 years. This photo is from the 1950s, when the extensiveness of the trade network had much declined from its peak in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
![Men on a street look at fur.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1942_CanadianFurTrade_FH24266.jpg?h=1c53af67&itok=7dEtvATW)
La traite des fourrures
Le commerce des fourrures a permis aux Européens et aux Peuples Autochtones du Canada d’interagir pendant près de 300 ans. Cette photographie date des années 1950, moment où l’étendue du réseau commercial avait beaucoup diminué par rapport à son apogée aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles.
![Men on a street look at fur.](/sites/default/files/styles/dynamic_stack_296_1x/public/2022-07/1942_CanadianFurTrade_FH24266.jpg?h=1c53af67&itok=7dEtvATW)